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VAT Compliance Services Companies in Manchester: Services Guide

Manchester has a broad mix of accountancy and advisory firms supporting businesses with VAT compliance, indirect tax reporting and wider financial governance requirements. The city’s business landscape ranges from fast-growing owner-managed companies to international groups, property businesses, retailers and manufacturers – all operating within increasingly complex UK VAT obligations.

As VAT rules continue to evolve, many organisations look for external support not only with filings and reporting, but also with managing risk, improving process accuracy and navigating cross-border or sector-specific requirements. Manchester’s advisory market includes large professional services networks, independent chartered accountancy firms and specialist tax consultancies, each bringing different areas of expertise and client focus.

This guide highlights a selection of VAT compliance services companies operating in Manchester. Rather than ranking providers, the aim is to give practical context around the firms active in this space and the types of VAT and indirect tax support commonly offered across the market.

Acumon

Acumon is a UK firm of chartered accountants and tax advisors providing VAT compliance services to companies and organisations across Manchester and the wider UK market.

The firm works with businesses ranging from owner-managed companies through to regulated organisations and international corporate groups. VAT compliance engagements are designed to support accurate reporting, strengthen compliance procedures and help organisations manage ongoing HMRC obligations across different trading and operational environments.

Acumon provides VAT compliance support across a range of reporting and administrative requirements, including VAT return preparation, VAT registrations, transaction reviews and indirect tax reporting processes. Work is structured around the operational profile, reporting responsibilities and commercial activities of each organisation.

Many members of the tax team have previous HMRC experience, providing additional insight into VAT compliance requirements, reporting expectations and enquiry procedures. Alongside its UK statutory audit registration, the firm also maintains audit licences in the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands (BVI), Jersey and Isle of Man, supporting organisations operating across international structures and reporting environments.

Businesses trading internationally or operating through group structures may face increasingly complex VAT obligations involving cross-border transactions, multi-entity reporting and evolving compliance requirements. Acumon works with finance teams and management to support reporting accuracy, compliance oversight and ongoing VAT administration.

VAT Compliance Capabilities

Acumon supports VAT compliance requirements for organisations operating across different corporate structures, sectors and trading arrangements.

These include:

  • UK limited companies and corporate groups
  • Public Interest Entities (PIEs) and regulated organisations
  • owner-managed businesses
  • companies with cross-border trading activity
  • international group structures
  • charities and not-for-profit organisations
  • businesses with multi-entity reporting requirements

VAT compliance engagements are overseen by experienced tax professionals who remain actively involved throughout the reporting and compliance process.

Regulatory Licences and Registrations

Acumon maintains a range of professional registrations and regulatory authorisations supporting organisations operating within both UK and international reporting environments.

These include:

  • UK statutory audit registration
  • Public Interest Entity (PIE) audit licence
  • Jersey audit licence
  • Isle of Man audit licence
  • Cayman Islands audit licence
  • British Virgin Islands audit licence

These registrations support work involving international operations, multi-entity reporting structures and cross-border compliance obligations.

Core Services

Alongside VAT compliance engagements, Acumon provides additional services supporting financial oversight, governance and regulatory compliance.

These include:

  • statutory external audit
  • group and subsidiary audits
  • Public Interest Entity (PIE) audits
  • VAT return preparation and submission
  • VAT registration and deregistration support
  • charity and not-for-profit audit
  • internal audit and governance reviews
  • risk management and compliance support 

VAT-related work is often delivered alongside discussions concerning transaction classification, reporting obligations, financial controls and wider compliance considerations.

As organisations expand operationally or enter more complex trading environments, VAT reporting responsibilities and compliance administration can become increasingly demanding.

Acumon works with businesses that are:

  • managing ongoing VAT compliance requirements
  • preparing for investment or funding activity
  • operating within corporate group structures
  • reviewing internal reporting and compliance procedures
  • managing reporting across multiple entities

Early engagement can help businesses strengthen VAT processes, improve reporting oversight and support ongoing regulatory compliance.

Contact Information:

Claritas Tax

Claritas Tax provides VAT compliance and indirect tax support for businesses dealing with changing UK VAT rules, HMRC enquiries and transaction-related tax issues. Their Manchester office forms part of a wider UK presence, with teams supporting organisations across sectors including property, commercial services and international trade. The firm places a noticeable focus on practical VAT guidance, particularly where businesses need clarity around complex reporting obligations or industry-specific VAT treatment.

A large part of their VAT work connects to risk management and dispute resolution. Their team handles VAT assurance reviews, error correction notices and negotiations with HMRC, alongside advisory work linked to property transactions, capital expenditure and partial exemption calculations. The background of their indirect tax specialists, including experience within HM Customs & Excise and large professional services firms, shapes much of their compliance and governance-focused approach.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester office as part of a multi-location UK tax advisory firm
  • Focus on VAT compliance, disputes and indirect tax advisory
  • Experience with HMRC enquiries and VAT assurance reviews
  • Support across commercial and residential property matters
  • VAT specialists with public and private sector experience
  • Work covering transactional and sector-specific VAT issues

Services:

  • VAT registration and compliance support
  • Option to Tax notifications and EORI applications
  • HMRC correspondence and VAT dispute support
  • VAT assurance reviews and error correction notices
  • Partial exemption and Capital Goods Scheme reviews
  • VAT due diligence and transaction cost reviews
  • Real estate VAT advisory
  • Retrospective VAT claims

Contact Information:

  • Website: claritastax.co.uk
  • Address: 196 Deansgate, Manchester, M3 3WF 
  • Phone: 0161 470 3011

BDO

BDO approaches VAT compliance through a combination of indirect tax advisory, systems review and technology-focused compliance support. Their VAT teams work with businesses managing large transaction volumes, international reporting obligations and digital tax requirements across multiple jurisdictions. A significant part of their work centres on VAT governance and how finance systems handle compliance in practice.

Their Manchester-related VAT offering connects closely with ERP implementation, automation tools and digital audit preparation. Businesses using complex accounting systems or operating within regulated sectors often require additional oversight around VAT data quality, reporting controls and MTD compliance processes. BDO’s work in this area includes mock HMRC digital audits, VAT automation projects and international compliance outsourcing support.

Key Highlights:

  • VAT compliance linked with technology and data governance
  • Focus on ERP systems, automation and digital VAT processes
  • International indirect tax compliance support
  • Experience with HMRC digital audit preparation
  • Cross-border VAT reporting and governance capabilities
  • VAT advisory integrated with wider tax and digital teams

Services:

  • VAT technology and compliance reviews
  • Mock HMRC digital audits
  • VAT data governance assessments
  • ERP and tax engine optimisation
  • VAT compliance automation
  • International VAT compliance outsourcing
  • MTD compliance support
  • VAT process and controls reviews

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.bdo.co.uk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/bdo-llp
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/bdo_uk
  • Address: Eden Building, Irwell Street, Salford, Manchester, M3 5EN, United Kingdom
  • Phone: 0161 817 7500

EY

EY provides tax compliance and indirect tax support for businesses operating across changing regulatory and reporting environments. Their work covers multinational groups, large corporates and organisations dealing with complex transparency and cross-border compliance obligations. VAT compliance forms part of a broader tax and finance framework that includes digital reporting, global compliance management and operational risk oversight.

Current VAT and tax compliance demands often involve more than periodic filings, particularly for businesses operating internationally. EY’s teams focus on helping organisations manage reporting accuracy, adapt to regulatory developments and improve visibility across tax data and financial processes. Their indirect tax services sit alongside wider advisory work connected to technology, supply chain structures and evolving global tax rules.

Key Highlights:

  • Global tax compliance and indirect tax network
  • Focus on digital reporting and regulatory transparency
  • Support for multinational and cross-border operations
  • VAT compliance integrated with wider tax advisory services
  • Coverage across multiple jurisdictions
  • Tax technology and data management capabilities

Services:

  • Indirect tax compliance
  • Global compliance and reporting support
  • Tax filing management
  • Tax transparency and reporting advisory
  • Tax technology and data support
  • Cross-border compliance coordination
  • Transfer pricing compliance
  • Tax and finance operational support

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.ey.com
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Ernst-Young/195665063800329
  • Twitter: x.com/EYnews
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/1073
  • Address: 2 St Peters Square, Manchester M2 3DF
  • Phone: +44 20 7951 2000

Accounting Solutions Manchester

Accounting Solutions Manchester supports local businesses with VAT registration, return preparation and ongoing HMRC compliance requirements. Their client base includes start-ups, SMEs and owner-managed businesses across Manchester and Greater Manchester. The tone of their VAT offering feels practical and day-to-day focused, particularly for businesses dealing with routine filing obligations or early-stage VAT registration decisions.

A noticeable part of their work involves helping smaller businesses manage VAT processes without building large in-house finance functions. Their support includes MTD compliance, VAT reconciliations and assistance during HMRC inspections. They also advise businesses on VAT schemes, imports and exports, alongside general VAT planning linked to operational activity.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester-based ACCA accountancy firm
  • Focus on SMEs, start-ups and local businesses
  • VAT compliance and MTD support
  • Assistance with HMRC VAT inspections
  • Guidance on VAT schemes and registrations
  • Ongoing VAT support for growing businesses

Services:

  • VAT registration and deregistration
  • VAT return preparation and submission
  • Making Tax Digital compliance
  • VAT reconciliations
  • VAT planning and reviews
  • Import and export VAT guidance
  • HMRC inspection support
  • VAT scheme advisory

Contact Information:

  • Website: accountingsolutionsmcr.co.uk
  • Email: info@accountingsolutiosmcr.co.uk
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/accountngsolutionsmcr.co.uk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/accounting-solutions-manchester
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/accountingsolutionsmanc
  • Address: 5 Piccadilly Place, Manchester M1 3BP
  • Phone: 0161 879 7175

Horizon & Co

Horizon & Co provides VAT compliance and accounting support for businesses, freelancers and individuals across the UK, including companies operating in Manchester. Their services are structured around day-to-day HMRC compliance requirements, with VAT support sitting alongside bookkeeping, tax filing and wider accounting assistance. The firm appears focused on businesses looking for regular compliance support without overly complex reporting structures.

Their VAT-related work includes registrations, submissions and ongoing filing obligations, particularly for smaller and medium-sized companies managing internal finance processes. Alongside compliance tasks, the firm also supports businesses with tax planning and financial organisation, helping clients keep records aligned with HMRC requirements throughout the year.

Key Highlights:

  • UK-wide accounting and tax support
  • VAT services for SMEs and freelancers
  • Focus on HMRC compliance processes
  • Support for ongoing tax filing obligations
  • Flexible accounting and VAT support packages
  • Coverage across multiple UK business locations

Services:

  • VAT registration support
  • VAT return filing
  • HMRC compliance assistance
  • Bookkeeping and accounting
  • Corporate tax support
  • Self-assessment tax returns
  • Business tax planning
  • Financial reporting support

Contact Information:

  • Website: horizonandco.uk
  • Email: info@horizonandco.co.uk
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/horizonandco
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/horizon-and-co-ltd
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/horizonandcoltd
  • Address: 124 City Road, London, England, EC1V 2NR
  • Phone: 02080363590

Alliance Prime

Alliance Prime provides VAT advisory and compliance support for businesses handling UK VAT obligations, reporting requirements and cross-border transactions. Their Manchester office supports organisations looking for assistance with VAT filings, compliance reviews and operational VAT issues linked to different trading activities. Their materials place a clear emphasis on practical compliance management and reducing reporting errors.

The firm’s VAT services extend into areas such as reverse charge VAT, partial exemption and VAT health checks. They also support businesses during VAT inspections and reviews, particularly where additional oversight or corrective action may be required. Alongside compliance work, the firm connects VAT support with broader accounting and financial consultancy services.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester-based tax and accounting consultancy
  • VAT compliance and advisory support
  • Experience with cross-border VAT matters
  • Focus on VAT audits and compliance reviews
  • Support with VAT inspections and reporting controls
  • VAT advisory connected with wider financial consultancy

Services:

  • VAT registration and deregistration
  • VAT compliance and filing
  • VAT planning and advisory
  • VAT inspections support
  • Input VAT recovery reviews
  • VAT audits and health checks
  • Partial exemption support
  • Cross-border VAT guidance

Contact Information:

  • Website: alliance-acc.co.uk
  • Email: info@alliance-acc.co.uk
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/allianceprimeconsultancy
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/allianceprimeconsultancy
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/allianceprimeconsultancy
  • Address: 315 Dickenson Road, Longsight, Manchester, M13 0NR England 
  • Phone: +44 7777 351015

Jeffrey A Huddart

Jeffrey A Huddart presents VAT compliance support through a structure focused on registration, reporting accuracy and UK VAT administration requirements. Their content highlights support for businesses dealing with VAT calculations, filing obligations and sector-specific VAT issues, including reverse charge and partial exemption matters. The approach leans heavily toward practical compliance handling and ongoing financial oversight.

Their VAT offering also connects with broader accounting and advisory support, particularly for businesses requiring regular compliance monitoring or assistance during VAT reviews. Digital VAT processes and reporting controls appear throughout their service positioning, alongside support for inspections and VAT health checks linked to HMRC expectations.

Key Highlights:

  • VAT compliance and reporting support
  • Focus on UK VAT regulations and filing requirements
  • Assistance with VAT reviews and inspections
  • Coverage of partial exemption and reverse charge VAT
  • Digital VAT compliance support
  • Advisory linked with broader accounting services

Services:

  • VAT registration and deregistration
  • VAT return preparation
  • VAT compliance reviews
  • VAT planning support
  • Input VAT recovery
  • VAT health checks
  • VAT inspection assistance
  • Cross-border VAT advisory

Contact Information:

  • Website: jeffreyahuddart.co.uk
  • Email: hello@jeffreyahuddart.co.uk
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/huddartaccountants
  • Twitter: x.com/Huddart_Accts
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/huddart-chartered-accountants
  • Address: 164 Walkden Road, Worsley, Manchester M28 7DP
  • Phone: 0161 703 8353

Topping Partnership

Topping Partnership focuses on VAT compliance support for businesses dealing with day-to-day reporting obligations and HMRC requirements. Their VAT services sit within a broader business accounting offering, with support covering registration, VAT returns and administrative compliance. The firm presents VAT as an area where small mistakes can quickly become expensive, especially when businesses are handling filings internally without dedicated tax oversight.

A practical side runs through their approach, particularly around VAT schemes, payment timing and managing compliance risks before issues escalate. They cover areas such as partial exemption, imports and exports, and HMRC VAT control visits, alongside general bookkeeping support linked to VAT reporting accuracy.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester-based accountancy firm
  • VAT compliance and planning support
  • Assistance with HMRC VAT matters
  • Support for businesses managing VAT reporting internally
  • Advisory on VAT schemes and registration timing
  • VAT linked with bookkeeping and accounting processes

Services:

  • VAT registration and deregistration support
  • VAT return preparation
  • Partial exemption guidance
  • Flat rate VAT scheme advice
  • Import and export VAT support
  • VAT payment planning
  • HMRC VAT control visit assistance
  • VAT bookkeeping support

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.toppingpartnership.co.uk
  • Email: enquiry@toppingpartnership.co.uk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/topping-partnership
  • Address: Incom House, Waterside, Trafford Park, Manchester, M17 1WD, United Kingdom 
  • Phone: +44 (0) 161 8865000

Echo Tax Limited

Echo Tax Limited provides VAT compliance services for businesses looking to keep pace with HMRC requirements and ongoing reporting obligations. Their Manchester office supports companies with registration, VAT administration and return preparation, with a fairly straightforward approach focused on reducing errors and maintaining compliance.

The firm places attention on practical VAT management, including reconciliations, planning and dispute handling where HMRC enquiries arise. Some businesses need occasional support with filings, while others require help dealing with VAT disputes or tribunal matters, and the firm includes both areas within its VAT offering.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester-based tax and compliance firm
  • VAT administration and filing support
  • Assistance with VAT disputes and HMRC enquiries
  • Focus on compliance and reconciliation processes
  • Support for VAT planning and scheme selection
  • VAT services connected with broader tax support

Services:

  • VAT registration assistance
  • VAT planning and administration
  • VAT control and reconciliation
  • VAT return preparation
  • VAT scheme guidance
  • HMRC dispute support
  • VAT tribunal representation
  • Compliance reviews

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.echotax.co.uk
  • Email: askus@echotax.co.uk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/echo-tax-limited
  • Address: SPACES Manchester, Peter House, Oxford Street, Manchester M1 5AN 
  • Phone: 0161 696 6669

J&P Accountants

J&P Accountants concentrates heavily on VAT compliance for e-commerce businesses trading across the UK and Europe. Their Manchester-based operations support companies dealing with cross-border VAT obligations, marketplace tax rules and international reporting requirements. A large part of their client base appears connected to online retail, international trade and digital marketplaces.

The compliance side goes beyond standard VAT returns, particularly for businesses selling through Amazon and other online platforms where EU and UK VAT obligations overlap. Their services include international VAT registration, cross-border compliance and marketplace tax support, alongside accounting and tax administration for growing online businesses.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester chartered accountants with e-commerce focus
  • UK and EU VAT compliance support
  • Cross-border VAT and marketplace tax experience
  • Support for international online sellers
  • VAT services linked with global trade activity
  • Focus on compliance for digital and marketplace businesses

Services:

  • UK and EU VAT registration
  • VAT return filing
  • Global VAT compliance
  • Cross-border e-commerce tax support
  • Marketplace tax compliance
  • Accounting and taxation services
  • Self-assessment support
  • WEEE compliance assistance

Contact Information:

  • Website: jpaccountant.info
  • Email: contact@jpaccountant.info
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/jpaccountantsmcr
  • Twitter: x.com/jpaccountantsuk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/jpaccountantsuk
  • Address: 2nd Floor, 16 Nicholas Street, Manchester, M1 4EJ, United Kingdom 
  • Phone: +44 0161 637 1080

PKF Littlejohn

PKF Littlejohn handles VAT and indirect tax matters for businesses where compliance risks, sector rules or transactional complexity create additional pressure around reporting obligations. Their Manchester presence forms part of a wider national and international network, with VAT advisory work spanning sectors such as financial services, charities and property.

The firm’s indirect tax team deals with both compliance management and ongoing VAT risk assessment. This includes VAT grouping applications, error corrections, HMRC inspections and VAT recovery matters tied to exempt or non-business activity. Their approach leans more toward governance and technical oversight than routine filing alone.

Key Highlights:

  • National and international indirect tax network
  • Experience across regulated and specialist sectors
  • VAT compliance and risk management support
  • Assistance with HMRC inspections and notifications
  • Advisory linked to VAT recovery and exemptions
  • Coverage of wider indirect tax matters

Services:

  • VAT compliance support
  • VAT advisory services
  • VAT recovery reviews
  • International VAT assistance
  • VAT group registration support
  • Error correction submissions
  • HMRC inspection support
  • Other indirect tax advisory

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.pkf-l.com
  • Email: info@pkf-l.com
  • Twitter: x.com/PKF_Littlejohn
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/littlejohn
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/pkf.littlejohn
  • Address: 11 York Street, Manchester, M2 2AW 
  • Phone: +44 (0)161 552 4220

Percy Westhead & Company

Percy Westhead & Company combines bookkeeping and VAT compliance support for businesses managing regular financial reporting and HMRC deadlines. Their Manchester office works with companies needing help with record keeping, VAT returns and ongoing compliance administration, particularly as digital filing requirements continue to shape bookkeeping processes.

Making Tax Digital requirements are part of the firm’s wider VAT support, alongside guidance on VAT schemes, reconciliations and registration matters. Their services appear geared toward businesses looking for practical day-to-day support with financial records and VAT submissions without overcomplicating the process.

Key Highlights:

  • Manchester chartered accountancy firm
  • Bookkeeping and VAT compliance support
  • Assistance with Making Tax Digital requirements
  • VAT administration and reconciliation services
  • Focus on ongoing compliance processes
  • Support for small and medium-sized businesses

Services:

  • VAT registration and deregistration
  • VAT return preparation
  • VAT reconciliation
  • VAT planning support
  • Bookkeeping services
  • Cloud accounting support
  • Compliance administration
  • HMRC filing assistance

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.percywesthead.co.uk
  • Email: enquiries@percywesthead.co.uk
  • Address: Hanover House, 30-32 Charlotte Street, Manchester M1 4FD
  • Phone: 0161 835 9866

Grant Thornton

Grant Thornton provides indirect tax and VAT compliance support for businesses operating across domestic and international markets. Their VAT teams handle reporting, advisory and customs-related matters linked to expanding supply chains, international trade activity and changing tax rules across multiple jurisdictions.

Technology and systems management form a noticeable part of their VAT offering, especially for businesses working with large ERP environments or complex compliance structures. Alongside VAT filings and advisory work, the firm supports customs compliance, international tax coordination and VAT process management connected to wider operational changes.

Key Highlights:

  • International indirect tax and customs network
  • VAT compliance and advisory support
  • Focus on global trade and cross-border VAT issues
  • ERP and tax technology capabilities
  • Customs and import/export compliance experience
  • Industry-specific indirect tax support

Services:

  • VAT compliance and advisory
  • VAT registration and filing support
  • Customs and import/export guidance
  • VAT technology solutions
  • ERP configuration support
  • International tax coordination
  • VAT audit assistance
  • Indirect tax risk management

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.grantthornton.co.uk
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/grant-thornton-uk
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/gt_trainees
  • Address: Landmark, St Peter’s Square, 1 Oxford Street, Manchester, M1 4PB
  • Phone: +44 (0)161 953 6900

Kala Atkinson

Kala Atkinson supports businesses with VAT registration, compliance management and ongoing HMRC reporting obligations across Manchester and other UK locations. Their VAT services are closely connected to small business accounting and tax planning, with attention given to selecting suitable VAT schemes and maintaining accurate reporting records.

The firm highlights practical support around registration decisions, VAT returns and digital record keeping. Their use of accounting technology forms part of the compliance process, helping businesses manage reporting deadlines and reduce manual errors linked to VAT administration.

Key Highlights:

  • VAT support for small businesses
  • Manchester and London coverage
  • Guidance on VAT registration and scheme selection
  • Focus on HMRC compliance processes
  • Technology-assisted VAT reporting
  • VAT services linked with wider tax planning support

Services:

  • VAT registration support
  • VAT compliance management
  • VAT return preparation
  • VAT scheme guidance
  • Digital record keeping support
  • HMRC submission assistance
  • Tax planning support
  • Ongoing VAT administration

Contact Information:

  • Website: www.kala-atkinson.co.uk
  • Email: admin@kalaatkinson.co.uk
  • Facebook: www.facebook.com/kalaatkinson01
  • Twitter: x.com/kala_atkinson
  • LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/kala-atkinson
  • Instagram: www.instagram.com/kala.atkinson
  • Address: 4th Floor, Centenary House, 1 Centenary Way, Manchester, United Kingdom, M50 1RF
  • Phone: 0161 938 8088

Conclusion

Manchester has a broad mix of firms offering VAT compliance support, from smaller local accountancy practices to international advisory networks handling complex indirect tax and cross-border reporting matters. Some businesses may only need help with routine VAT returns and MTD filing, while others look for support around VAT risk reviews, HMRC enquiries, international trade or systems compliance.

In practice, organisations often look at a combination of factors when reviewing VAT compliance providers – sector experience, familiarity with HMRC processes, reporting technology, responsiveness and the level of ongoing support available as requirements change over time.

This guide was created to give practical context around some of the VAT compliance services companies operating in Manchester and the types of support available across the market. Each firm brings a slightly different focus, whether that sits around local business compliance, international VAT reporting, e-commerce tax, governance, or indirect tax advisory.